The structural design of refrigeration compressors directly affects their operating efficiency and stability. Different types of compressors have different structures, but the core components have common functions, mainly composed of six core parts: the body, compression mechanism, transmission mechanism, sealing mechanism, lubrication mechanism, and cooling mechanism. The various components work together to complete the compression cycle.
The body is the basic supporting component of the compressor, often made of cast iron, aluminum alloy and other materials, used to fix and accommodate other core components, while bearing the pressure and vibration generated during the compression process. Its stiffness and sealing directly determine the operational stability of the compressor. The compression mechanism is the core working component, and the compression mechanisms of different types of compressors differ the most: the piston type compression mechanism consists of a piston, a cylinder, and an air valve, and changes the cylinder volume through the reciprocating motion of the piston; The screw type consists of a yin-yang rotor and a casing, which compresses the refrigerant through the engagement of the rotor; The vortex type consists of a stationary vortex disk and a moving vortex disk, forming a variable volume chamber through the relative motion of the vortex disks.
The transmission mechanism is mainly composed of an electric motor, a crankshaft (or main shaft), and bearings, which are responsible for transmitting the mechanical energy of the electric motor to the compression mechanism, driving it to complete the compression action. The lubrication and wear of the bearings directly affect the service life of the compressor. Sealing mechanisms are used to prevent refrigerant leakage and lubricant loss, and are divided into shaft seals, cylinder seals, etc. Fully enclosed compressors use welded seals, while semi enclosed compressors use a combination of bolt seals and shaft seals. Sealing performance is an important guarantee for compressor energy efficiency and safety. The lubrication mechanism includes oil pumps, oil filters, oil coolers, etc., which are responsible for providing lubrication to various moving parts, reducing wear, and taking away some heat. The selection and replacement cycle of lubricating oil directly affect the operational reliability of the compressor. The cooling mechanism is used to reduce the exhaust temperature of the compressor and the body temperature. The air-cooled type dissipates heat by blowing a fan through the heat sink, while the water-cooled type dissipates heat by circulating cooling water. A reasonable cooling design can avoid compressor damage due to overheating and improve operating efficiency.
